Their presence is picked up by toll-like receptors on dendritic cells.

Most mammalian species have between ten and fifteen types of Toll-like receptors.

It has been estimated that most mammalian species have between ten and fifteen types of Toll-like receptors.

IL-8 can be secreted by any cells with toll-like receptors that are involved in the innate immune response.

We know this because biologists have found genes coding for toll-like receptors in many different metazoans.

In mammals, these Toll-like receptors set off an inflammatory response that helps limit the spread of infections.

Toll-like receptor 5, for instance, recognizes a protein in the tails that some bacteria use to swim.

Toll-like receptors are part of the innate immune system, which is the body's first line of defense against pathogens.

This may occur independent of signal transduction stimulation by other molecules, as is the case for the toll-like receptor.

Toll-like receptors are the receptors of the innate immune system.